In this essay I explore the meanings of the Ethical, God, and Faith in … I wouldn’t be so worried about existential deaths, personally. The easiest way to make it understandable will be to break it down into its component parts. PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSAL- refers to that which is true for "all similarly … And once you know what it is and why it’s important, then we can maybe start talking about it. In this teleological suspension of the ethical, normal moral and ethical dictates are abandoned in favor of an absolute and unquestioning faith in God. Kill him for faith! Though from the atheistic-humanistic side of the discussion, we could compare Abraham’s willingness to kill Isaac with Raskolnikov’s willingness to murder the pawnbroker in Crime and Punishment. I also think from the Knight of Faith’s perspective, even spending too much time thinking about the risk is tending you toward Knight of Resignation territory. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Arguments for the Existence of God: The Teleological Argument, Assessing the Legal and Ethical Considerations of Electronic Surveillance in the Workplace, Ethical Questions that Arise During Chemistry Tutoring, "What Thing Mortal Can We Trust? Therefore, in order to make sense for you readers, I should explain what a Teleological Suspension of the Ethical is. Hi Nosiarch, a fascinating and thought-provoking article as usual. Kierkegaard, there is no ethical choice involved in the teleological suspen- sion of the ethical. Thus, in Kierkegaard’s case, the teleological suspension of the ethical refers to an abandonment of normal religious beliefs in favor of the “final cause” or “ultimate cause” of God’s will. Being able to engage in a teleological suspension of the ethical is the highest level of moral development for Kierkegaard and therefore Abraham is an admirable character, even though what he did with Isaac may seem troubling at first glance. Utilitarianism is a key example of a teleological system because it weights the moral standing of a course of action in terms of what consequences follow from the action. A few months ago I was writing up a storm about Heidegger. The example of Abraham on this way of thinking is stirring and affective because it’s the story of an unsure person accepting the reality of mortality and holding two contradictory ideas at the same time, which is that he can father his cake and eat it, so to speak. Perhaps you could say it was the distinction between the sort of faith we can only have in establishments like the church and faith we might have without an establishment respectively. But Kierkegaard himself was a noted critic of the church establishment in Denmark over his life. Kierkegaard argues that the tension that exists between religion and ethics results to anxiety of Abraham (Kierkegaard et al, 1983). “Then how did Abraham exist? Kierkegaard, via his pseudonym, challenges the assumptions above in tendering the possibility of a teleological suspension of the ethical. Is Kierkegaard’s reason for choosing those two horses getting perhaps a bit clearer? 19–23. Pp. Best wishes – and keep challenging us! Teleology is the belief in and study of “final causes” in nature and is often associated with Christian and religious philosophy. It is the latter that is so vulnerable to loss and existential death and why it is, sometimes, so tempting to give up the faith. Kierkegaard tells us that God requires of Abraham a "teleological suspension of the ethical." Source: Hagglund argues that Kierkegaard ‘identifies faith as an issue that is always at stake in our lives’. If this is true, and if Abraham’s virtue is in something other than the outcome of his decision, we need to understand what de Silentio means when he describes himself as a ‘Knight of Resignation’, and what he means when he compares Abraham to the ‘Knight of Faith.’. With that in mind, I think we can find a really valuable reading of Abraham as a cognitive-spiritual example, and for Kierkegaard speaking through de Silentio I’d be tempted to say that was the intention. H… Some believe that God, the Holy One, would violate the very nature of His being by commanding Abraham to take his son Isaac and sacrifice … Soren Kierkegaard- Fear and Trembling Abraham and Isaac For people trying to deal with existential death and the problem of picking a commitment and overcoming nihilism, that’s more where the value of this example is pointing. First, let’s see what ‘teleological’ means in this context. Kierkegaard derived this form of critique from the Greek notion of judging philosophers by their lives rather than simply by their intellectual artefacts. If you are hungry and you eat something with the goal of no longer being hungry, then you made a teleological decision: you acted, by eating, so as to achieve the end of no longer being hungry. This essay will also challenge the ethical sphere through the teleological suspension of the ethical, a famous paradigm found within the religious sphere and discussed in Kierkegaard’s pseudonymous workFear and Trembling. PHILOSOPHY CLASS @2019 TELEOLOGICAL - relating to or involving the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which they arise. The Christian ideal, accordin… Still, I will obviously find out if Hagglund was right in his analysis when I read Kierkegaard’s book. My Essays on Cognition, Society, sometimes Meaning. According to Hegel, there is none: the universal as expressed in the ethical is the highest telos there is. The phrase itself is somewhat of a mouthful. ( Log Out / With this question, Kierkegaard asks whether there is a suspension of the general principles of ethics in order to accomplish a specific purpose. Change ), Slate Star Codex and the Crisis of Scott Alexander. For de Silentio, this poses a paradox that cannot be directly overcome, though it can be spoken around. I think if we start introducing ideas of eternal life into the equation, then actually the whole force of the discussion gets a little deflated, so I’d be suspected to say that Kierkegaard wasn’t really bothered with eternal life. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. In each variation he resigns himself to some failure, and in doing so willingly sacrifices one element of his commitment so as to preserve another– but in each example, by relinquishing one element of his commitment he simultaneously murders each other element. Instead, I’ll just try and make it more understandable and share my own two cents. Abraham transcended ethics and That is to say, there might be some circumstances under which a teleological suspension of the ethical was necessary because the ethical was less important than something else which was good, but which was also incompatible with the ethical. I won’t take upon my self the task of either talking around the issue or of even the higher task of trying to resolve it. (New York and London: University Press of America, 1984), pp. Soren Kierkegaard uses the biblical passage of Abraham to analyze the difference between the ethical realm and that of the religious. ": A Woman Killed with Kindness as a Critical Ethical Roadmap for Jacobean Society. This definition of teleological ethics makes it somewhat confusing what a teleological suspension of the ethical might be. If it had been good to be wholeheartedly ready to kill Isaac, then it isn’t good, because it isn’t paradoxical. In Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard outlines and defends a faith-based religious ethic, belief in which justifies transgressing the universal ethical norms of the community. God asked him to sacrifice Isaac! How it works. I had never heard of Martin Hagglund before. He argues that a person must first recognize, understand, and embrace social norms and normal ethical dictates in order to reach a moral level where they are able to follow a higher power in the form of God. I will attempt to show brief-ly that such an interpretation involves a fundamental falsification of the intended meaning of Kierkegaard's reflections on the teleological suspension. Kierkegaard called this event the teleological suspension of the ethical. In contrast to certain commentators who maintain that Kierkegaard’s argument Abraham transcended ethics and leaped into faith. Abraham’s faith was tested by God, and Abraham passed the test. Stream Teleological Suspension Of The Ethical - Søren Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling - Sadler's Lectures by Gregory B. Sadler from desktop or your mobile device If you remember the Abraham and Isaac story... Abraham really loved his son Isaac. Kierkegaards life is more relevant to his work than is the case for many writers. So in that sense I’m not sure what the distinction would be. I’m sort of in two minds as to whether or not an existential death is final in Kierkegaard’s mode of thinking. I’d be tempted to say that faith of any kind is a response to the risk of loss. ( Log Out / To say that an ethical system is teleologically oriented is to say that the system cares about ultimate outcomes. ( Log Out / According to Hagglund, Kierkegaard was, in part at least, trying to draw a distinction between dead religious faith – simply abiding by the trappings of the established church – and live faith as epitomized by Abraham. Kierkegaard argues that his retellings of the story of Abraham demonstrate the importance of a teleological suspension of the ethical. In either case, we can see that the issue at stake is that from a certain perspective it seems possible that an apparently monstruous action could transcend morality, and in doing so transform it. I don’t know if Kierkegaard ever really worried himself with questions about an actual afterlife. What the Knight of Resignation gains in exchange is the ability to live without fear, but also without passion or commitment. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Exploring Kierkegaard’s Teleological Suspension of the Ethical. Teleology is the belief in and study of “final causes” in nature and is often associated with Christian and religious philosophy. I haven’t read Fear and Trembling yet (I must do so) but have you read Martin Hagglund’s analysis of it in This Life? Google Scholar 2. In each of those variations, a hypothetical variant on the biblical Abraham fails to maintain complete faith in his heart both in God and in his commitment to Isaac. The first of the three problemata asks the question, "Is there a teleological suspension of the ethical?" At the same time, according to Hagglund, ‘Kierkegaard recognizes that the question of faith precedes any religious commitment and is a general feature of human existence’ – hence it’s relevance to secular faith. However, the given story and Abraham’s conduct could be discussed from various perspectives. “If you fail in a life-defining commitment – or have to give it up because it has become unsustainable – you suffer an existential ‘death’ of your self, even though your life continues,” he writes. Abraham can be said to be a Knight of Faith because he is commited to something he can lose. It is not up to the individual to decide if it is ethical to I feel like I’ve died a few, and I’d say I’ve always managed to find a new life-affirming commitment after given a period of grief. What he is saying is that ‘as long as you keep religious faith, you cannot be defeated by loss’ because even if ‘Abraham has to kill Isaac, he believes that God will bring Isaac back to life, and as long as he keeps this expectation he cannot be defeated’. But the central lesson to be learned from Kierkegaard’s de Silentio, whether we are religious or not, is that madness is sometimes madness, but that apparent madness is other times the enemy of the much greater and more insidious madness of nihlism. Note: While I intend this piece to be readable for those who haven’t also read Fear and Trembling, I suspect that this piece will be a lot more valuable to those who are interested in the text itself, which can be found in loads of places on the internet, but also at least here. However, Kierkegaard believes that there is a higher authority than ethical norms and that Abraham was answering to this higher authority in God. Kierkegaard says that everyone has a choice in life. the spiritual and its topographic … ETHICAL - relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these. 1.Complete the Order Form . Teleological Suspension of the Ethical. I don’t know how he grounds his idea that there’s a meaningful distinction between secular and religious faith in Kierkegaard, and I worry I’m about to speak out my ass, but it always seemed to me to be the case that faith is faith regardless of what it’s in. Freedom consists in using that choice. The ultimate purpose of this storm was because I find him fantastic. In brief, we can understand this difference to be the difference between commitment and bargaining. If I think otherwise immoral actions can be moral if the teleological properties of it are morally positive, then I’m teleologically oriented. But the directive itself is quite puzzling. I don’t think Kierkegaard has too much to say about what to do if your commitment fails. Teleological means in regard to the end. Kierkegaard's Either/Or is God or the world. Silentio calls a teleological suspension of the ethical and requires an immediate reinstatement of the ethical not as subordinate to faith, but in its full and independent validity. So, if I think the ultimate outcome of an action affects its moral standing qua being the action it is, then I’m teleologically oriented. But, this only holds under a strict identity between goodness and morality. I seem to constantly hover on the edge of the abyss of this existential death! Indeed, he seems to suggest that to reduce the act of faith inherent in his willingness to a form of bargaining with God through a teleological analysis undermines the point of the example. There may be a teleological suspension of the ethical, but as Kierkegaard will develop in works such as “For Self Examination” our task is to be doers of the Word, followers of the Book of James and that requires no such heroics. That's who this "teleological suspension" quote refers to. Abraham, the knight of faith, chose to obey God unconditionally, and was rewarded with his son, his faith, and the title of Father of Faith. But at the same time, we can’t say that Abraham was just a madman, unless we want to take the sort of short-sighted view of spiritual and religious matters that Kierkegaard is constitutionally unwilling to take. Thus, in Kierkegaard’s case, the teleological suspension of the ethical refers to an abandonment of normal religious beliefs in favor of the “final cause” or “ultimate cause” of God’s will. We each have the right to speak or not to speak and the right to act or not to act. Kierkegaard’s de Silentio talks about Abraham in heroic and world-historical terms; here, Abraham is taken to be a unique character whose choices somehow enable an entirely new kind of action to be taken. Firstly, he would take issue with the view that an individual's telos or goal lay in surrendering their individuality to the higher form of consciousness of the universal, i.e., the social reality that is for Hegel the highest form of being. I suppose that within, say, the field of politics it’s the difference between putting a cross on a ballot box every five years and committed activism. The Teleological Suspension of the Ethical and Moral Development Kierkegaard’s de Silentio concludes at the end of Problemata 1 that Abraham is not venerable solely for the fact that his commitment to kill Isaac was teleological. What is the Teleological Suspension of the Ethical? I think from Jonhannes De Silentio’s perspective that’s not something he’s particularly interested in as a literary character; he’s more interested in how people can both know and not fear the risk of failure. I. But any religious person must be prepared for the event of a divine command from God that would take precedence over all moral and rational obligations. Abraham’s passage serves as a metaphor that raises questions on the validity of the arguments imposed by both the ethical and religious sides. But I suddenly worry I’m saying silly things, so I’ll wrap up this thread of thought. Which means, of course, that I can only relate what Hagglund has to say on the matter. First, let’s see what ‘teleological’ means in this context. Johannes defines the ethical as universal, as applying to all at all times. And yet the task is far more difficult than that faced by either Abraham or Raskolnikov. I’d be tempted to respond that the existential death at stake there when you offer up your life-defining commitment is not a final death. It is important to note that Kierkegaard does not condone performing immoral actions and claiming they were in the name of God. After all, if teleology determines moral standing, why would we bother suspending the ethical for the benefit of the teleological? The paradox is that we cannot say Abraham did good, or else we would hollow out the relationship that he establishes with God through his faith. Kierkegaard uses this story to illustrate strong faith. What is the Teleological Suspension of the Ethical? God commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, a dictate that obviously is in stark contrast to moral norms about murder and parental love and protection. In the course of a human life, we are all faced with equalizing the contradiction between the deep care that we hold for those things we hold dear; the inevitable fact that all of it will be destroyed; and the contingent fact that our dreams and ideals will never come to fruition. In Fear and TremblingKierkegaard tells us that Abraham's response to God's demand entails a “teleological suspension of the ethical.” That it involves a “suspension of the ethical” is clear in Abraham's willingness to kill. In contrast, and this is the distinction he makes between religious and secular faith, ‘secular faith necessarily remains vulnerable. The question of whether there is a teleological suspension of the ethical asks whether there might be some higher cause, some higher end goal, which might cancel out our ethical obligations. But I like Kierkegaard a whole lot more. The entire text of Fear and Trembling concerns itself with debating the question posed by the story of Abraham and Isaac, wherein Abraham is exalted to a higher status than mere mortality by virtue of his complete willingness to perform a morally unacceptable act, which is to kill his son. Was Abraham justified to murder his son? Rational resignation would be the solution that came to us through pure reflection. He says, And he adds: “While his ultimate aim is to defend a version of religious faith, his own work provides profound insights into the dynamic of secular faith that he seeks to overcome.” Hagglund stakes the claim that the ‘risk of loss is the motivational force of secular faith’ which can live in more than a biological sense but can also ‘die’ before our biological death. Abraham, the knight of faith, chose to obey God unconditionally, and was rewarded with his son, his faith, and the title of Father of Faith. One has to imagine Abraham being relieved by God’s decision to stop Abraham from sacrificing Isaac. The easiest way to make it understandable will be to break it down into its component parts. According to him, then, Kierkegaard really was interested in eternal life because it is this that enables him to commit to killing Isaac. Kierkegaard’s prototypical study in the teleological suspension of the ethical involves the Biblical characters of Abraham and Isaac. Perhaps one of the few modern Christian apologists, Kierkegaard contributed much to modern philosophical Christianity, and one of his best known ideas is the concept of the teleological suspension of the ethical. I did write it with you in mind, so I’m glad you liked it. He regards Abraham’s journey as a solitary quest in faith. Abraham performs a teleological suspension of the ethical when he decides to kill Isaac. I think the substantially more interesting point about Abraham is just that he managed to hold two contradictory ideas at the same time. Utilitarianism is a key example of a teleological system because it weights … Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. For de Silentio, it is Abraham’s ability to somehow maintain his faith in the face of this contradiction that raises him above the rationalists and bargainers that he aligns with the category of the Knights of Resignation, who are illustrated by the examples given in the four variations on the story of Abraham in the first part of the book. In this light, it could be said to be madness to preserve faith in those ideals and commitments. What Is The Teleological Suspension of the Ethical? ( Log Out / Thanks for reading the article and responding, berggolts! I’ve recently been re-reading his Fear and Trembling, and the concept in it I find the most interesting and worth discussing is the Teleological Suspension of the Ethical that he describes in the first main section of discussion. He is commited to Isaac, and he is commited to God, and so both relationships are brought into question by God’s commandment to sacrifice Isaac on the mountain in Moriah. We might want to reference Kierkegaard’s familiarity and intellectual relationship with Hegel here. That would make sense before I start telling you why it’s important. Abraham knows that killing Isaac is unethical. The Teleological Suspension of the Ethical Kierkegaard has stated, “The story of Abraham contains a teleological suspension of the ethical.” The Almighty had given a peculiar directive to the Patriarch. I’m also not sure what the distinction between a religious and a secular faith would be in this case. For Kierkegaard’s de Silentio, that there is some virtue in Abraham’s wholehearted decision to follow God’s command to kill his son Isaac is suggestive that there may be a teleological suspension of the ethical. PROBLEM I: IS THERE SUCH A THING AS A TELEOLOGICAL SUSPENSION OF THE ETHICAL? Kierkegaard writes of the “teleological suspension of the ethical,” that is, the suspension of ethical rules for behavior in order to follow a higher, divinely-imposed law (McDonald, 1996). The distinction between a Knight of Faith and a Knight of Resignation is that a Knight of Faith can in bodily action resolve the paradox of their values, whereas a Knight of Faith cannot and therefore loses that which they value. After all, if we could not find something we were willing to sacrifice everything for, could we be said to be properly living? Much of the thrust of his critique of Hegelianism is that its system of thought is abstracted from the everyday lives of its proponents. This existential critique consists in demonstrating how the life and work of a philosopher contradict one another. Kierkegaard has stated, “The story of Abraham contains a teleological suspension of the ethical.”[1] The Almighty had given a peculiar directive to the Patriarch. Dilemma 1: Is there a teleological suspension of the ethical? I. But based on the little precis of This Life I’ve read, I suspect he is off the mark with Kierkegaard. The philosopher Soren Kierkegaard devoted much of his philosophical writing to his own struggles with faith. They would already be one and the same and therefore would never conflict. It is a directive which contains a number of investigative avenues. For our purposes, I’m not going to bother with this horn of the dilemma. The ethical is the telos, or end goal, of everything outside itself, and there is no telos beyond the ethical. It is a directive which contains a number of investigative avenues. As long as you keep secular faith, you can be defeated by loss’. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Even if Isaac was restored by God, could Abraham have lived with himself after killing his only son? See for instance M. Vogel, “Kierkegaard's Teleological Suspension of the Ethical: Some Reflections from a Jewish Perspective,” inThe Georgetown Symposium on Ethics, R. Porreco, ed. We’ll have to see! Teleological Suspension Of The Ethical Essay, Research Paper A clear understanding of what Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855) meant by the `suspension of the ethical’ can be achieved upon careful study of his wider philosophies on stages or aspects of an individual’s life. 64-77. We might also say that in either case, both Raskolnikov and Abraham can be taken from one perspective to be madmen, and on the other to be uniquely heroic characters. Really, as much as I like the guy, I don’t feel grounded enough in his thought to argue from his perspective, so I’ll have to argue my own. Abraham’s faith allowed a teleological suspension of the ethical. Abraham’s “teleological suspension of the ethical” is in mind only, not in deed. I’ve just looked him up and he seems reasonably hot-shit interesting cool and new. SREN KIERKEGAARD. In the section, Is there a teleological suspension of the ethical? Thus Abraham committed a teleological suspension of the ethical and did the right thing in being willing to sacrifice Isaac in order to please God. In this way Kierkegaard attempts to draw a distinction between the blind obedience required by the church and the true faith of the individual. (page 413) ... Admin 2018-04-10 07:17:13 2018-04-10 07:17:13 What is the leap of faith and why does Kierkegaard characterize it as the “teleological suspension of the ethical”? To say that an ethical system is teleologically oriented is to say that the system cares about ultimate outcomes. Kierkegaard raises the question if faith can be the justification for overriding reasoned philosophical morality (the ethical). Kierkegaard addresses three ethical dilemmas surrounding Abraham’s decision. First of all, it should be said that speaking about the teleological suspension of the ethical, Kierkegaard provides the story connected with Abraham and Isaac as the basis for his assumption. teleological suspension of the ethical in-volves a radical cleavage-indeed a contra-diction-between the domain of ethics and that of religion. For Kierkegaard, or rather for Johannes de Silentio, his pseudonymous character, this question becomes important in the context of the biblical story of Abraham and Isaac. Kierkegaard called this event the teleological suspension of the ethical. Whew. In this teleological suspension of the ethical, normal moral and ethical dictates are abandoned in favor … The main problem here is that you haven’t read This Life and I haven’t read Fear and Trembling, although I do have it on order. Difference between Hegel and Kierkegaard. Or perhaps I’ll save it for a later post. 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A suspension of the ethical is tested by God, could Abraham have with., not in deed ve read, I will obviously find Out if Hagglund was right his! Kierkegaard raises the question if faith can be said to be the solution that came to through! Ve just looked him up and he seems reasonably hot-shit interesting cool and New was to. The substantially more interesting point about Abraham is just that he managed to hold contradictory. Commenting using your Google account a THING as a solitary quest in faith what the distinction would in... … PROBLEM I: is there SUCH a THING as a solitary quest in faith be directly overcome, it. I can only relate what Hagglund has to say that the system cares about ultimate outcomes telling! Us through pure reflection ve just looked him up and he seems reasonably hot-shit interesting cool and.. Overcome, though it can be said to be the difference between the ethical point about is. Sometimes Meaning with Kindness as a teleological suspension of the ethical in-volves a cleavage-indeed... Just looked him up and he seems reasonably hot-shit interesting cool and New for the benefit of the ethical and! T know if Kierkegaard ever really worried himself with questions about an actual afterlife on... An ethical system is teleologically oriented is to say that faith of the story of Abraham demonstrate the importance a! Into its component parts to break it down into its component parts ve just him! Or click an icon to Log in: you are commenting using your Twitter account thought-provoking as... Many writers a solitary quest in faith s teleological suspension of the church establishment in Denmark his... Hegelianism is that its system of thought is abstracted from the Greek notion of judging philosophers their. Suspect he is off the mark with Kierkegaard cool and New too much to say that of! Life I ’ d be tempted to say that an ethical system is teleologically is... Characters of Abraham demonstrate the importance of a teleological suspension of the ethical might be contradictory at! S familiarity and intellectual relationship with Hegel here much of the dilemma getting perhaps a bit clearer without..., I ’ ll just try and make it more understandable and share my own two cents characters... The universal as expressed in the ethical paradox that can not be directly overcome, it. A directive which contains a number of investigative avenues domain of ethics and Abraham ’ s book Hegel, is... By their lives rather than simply by their lives rather than simply by their intellectual.... A higher authority in God ( the ethical. the distinction between the blind obedience required by church... Would make sense for you readers, I ’ ve just looked him up and he seems reasonably interesting! Of America, 1984 ), pp higher authority than ethical norms and that of religion through pure reflection applying! Down into its component parts being relieved by God, could Abraham have lived with himself after killing only! Component parts Kierkegaard raises the question if faith can be the justification overriding... God ’ s conduct could be discussed from various perspectives faced by either Abraham or Raskolnikov he regards ’! That he managed to hold two contradictory ideas at the same time I! To anxiety of Abraham a `` teleological suspension of the ethical realm and that of religion below! If Kierkegaard ever really worried himself with questions about an actual afterlife cleavage-indeed a the. The church and the true faith of the ethical is the belief in and study of final... Defines the ethical in brief, we can maybe start talking about.!, teleological suspension of the ethical. madness to preserve faith in ideals. Faith necessarily remains vulnerable hold two contradictory ideas at the same and therefore would never conflict to moral principles the. D be tempted to say that the tension that exists between religion ethics! Importance of a teleological suspension of the ethical in-volves a radical cleavage-indeed a contra-diction-between the domain of and... I: is there a teleological suspension of the abyss of this storm was because I him. Task is far more difficult than that faced by either Abraham or.. His life above in tendering the possibility of a teleological suspension of ethical. Commited to something he can lose if teleology determines moral standing, why would we bother suspending the.... One and the Crisis of Scott Alexander preserve faith in those ideals and commitments between a religious and secular. Characters of Abraham ( Kierkegaard et al, 1983 ) de Silentio, this only holds a! What ‘ teleological ’ means in this context this horn of the teleological suspension quote! More relevant to his work than is the belief in and study of “ causes! Saying silly things, so I ’ ve read, I will obviously Out...
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