25. [3] The notion that individuals require a “visible power to keep them in awe” - to maintain peace and safety through enforcement of law - underpins Hobbes’s theory of sovereignty, which proposes that a sovereign ruler (with authority to govern the people) is fundamental to any type of commonwealth. therefore, thus, consequently . [S1] Female circumcision is wrong. Definition: A moral argument is an argument with a conclusion that expresses a moral claim. 2. the autonomous theory of morality: man creates, invents himself the principles of his action (Nietzsche, Sartre, Camus) Ethics are moral guidelines that a human can follow in order to lead a life that is up to the moral standards while philosophy is a study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Eudemonism: According to eudemonism, the goal of action is the search for happiness. The bastard, on the contrary, guided by the spirit of seriousness, hides behind a legacy morality. [1] Hobbes’s moral philosophy and political philosophy are intertwined; his moral thought is based around ideas of human nature, which determine the interactions that make up his political philosophy. This is the definition we shall take as a working definition for this course. Therefore, there are philosophies concerning ethics as well. II. Define … Bad Faith and Freedom in Sartre’s thought Commonly, one say that the bad faith consists to maintain against all…, Requiem for a Dream and the addiction problem Requiem for a Dream, directed by Darren Aronofsky, is a generational film and a philosophical one,…, Cite this article as: Tim, "Moral Philosophy & Ethics: Definitions, August 28, 2018, " in. Thomas Fowler believed that petitio principii would be more properly called petitio quæsiti, which is literally "begging the question".. The passage is summed up in the slogan ‘No-Ought-From-Is’ (or NOFI for short) and for many people it represents the take-home message of Hume’s moral philosophy. [2] Hobbes’s moral philosophy therefore provides justification for, and informs, the theories of sovereignty and the state of nature that underpin his political philosophy. If there is an explanatory relationship between God and morality, then it has to be one or the other. casuistry- moral philosophy based on the application of general ethical principles to resolve moral dilemmas endaemonism, eudemonism- an ethical system that evaluates actions by reference to personal well-being through a life based on reason hedonism- an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good This moral philosophy outlines a general conceptual framework on human nature which is rigorously developed in The Elements of Law, De Cive and Leviathan. Perfectionist views thataffirm judgments of this kind are examples of what can be callednonhumanistic perfectionism. Hobbes’s moral philosophy therefore provides justification for, and informs, the the… [5] This scientific method stresses the importance of first establishing well-defined principles of human nature (moral philosophy) and ‘deducing’ aspects of political life from this. Altruism: Altruism affirms that only moral acts guided by disinterestedness and the love of others. Stan Williams developed this theory and claims that successful motion pictures and stories are always structured around a psychological (or spiritual) premise based on true moral values. The premise—the thing or things that came before—lead (or fail to lead) to a logical resolution in an argument or story. [6] Hobbes believes that as sensory organs process the movements of external stimuli, a range of different mental experiences take place, which in turn dictate human behaviour. Does the fetus (embryo, conceptus, and zygote) have any moral and/or legal rights? In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: δέον, 'obligation, duty' + λόγος, 'study') is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action. Premise indicators. c. b. The term premise comes from medieval Latin, meaning "things mentioned before." Words that introduce or appear in an argument premise include: since (nontemporal meaning) as indicated by because for in that as (noncomparison meaning) may be inferred from given that seeing that for the reason that inasmuch as owing to An argument is a series of statements with the goal of persuading someone of something. a sentence that can be true or false. The Definition of Morality* - Volume 35. ), Some focusing on intentions that preside over actions, others on the consequences of our actions. The founding principle of philosophy is perhaps the astonishment, source of the questions. The Moral Premise is what your story is really about. A premise is a statement that is assumed to be correct and leads the reader to an inevitable conclusion. If the first refers to intersubjectivity (the relation to others), the second refers to personal actions, to the relation of the subject to himself. Moral Philosophy is one of the major schools of philosophy. . [4] Reason, or “ratiocination”, as used by Hobbes, was not defined in the traditional sense as an innate capability tied to notions of natural law, but as an activity that involved coming to a judgement via the process of logic. Happiness is enjoyment. [7] Ratiocination leads individuals to uncover the Laws of Nature, which Hobbes deems “the true moral philosophy”. (We can say that a proposition is a claim.) [1] In rejecting what he believed were ‘conjectures’ relating to intangible or supernatural objects or realities, Hobbes’s philosophy is drawn from material and physical reality and experience. philosophy definition: 1. the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of the real world and existence…. ), but this post will use Aristotle's definition:. James Rachels’ The Elements of Moral Philosophy. [3] Only under the commonwealth (as opposed to a state of nature and war) can peace, and “the notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice”, exist indefinitely. Chapter 2: Cultural Relativism In the last chapter, we examined a variety of arguments in support of different positions on various ethical matters of life and death. In other words, a premise reveals the evidence that is behind a conclusion. identify the moral and non-moral premises and the conclusion: a. Values and Duties. Term: argument Definition: A group of statements consisting of one or more premises and a conclusion that purportedly follows from the premises. Distinguishes conclusion from premise. The man only mastering his view of things, not the things themselves. b. see beyond the norms, laws, and authority of groups or individuals. [5] To Hobbes, this type of knowledge was based on subjective and diverse experience, and was therefore capable of producing only speculative assumptions. [10] Therefore, the overarching concern of Hobbes’s political philosophy remains the capacity of the government to maintain peace, protection, justice and wellbeing in a manner that ensures the continuation of society and civil life. Even obvious truths are doubtful: should I live here or there, should I forgive…. Examples and Explanation. A sound argument is the only argument that can give us knowledge of the conclusion. [6] Humans, as noted in Leviathan, have “…knowledge of the consequences of one affirmation to another”. In developing his moral and political philosophy, Hobbes assumes the methodological approach of deductive reasoning, combining mathematics and the mechanics of science to formulate his ideas on human nature. If you assume that the premise (first statement) is true, then you can deduce other things that have to be true. [5] This approach to moral philosophy is executed by Hobbes through discussion of a range of interrelated moral concepts: “good, evil, rights, obligation, justice, contract, covenant and natural law”. Independent from any institution or philosophical thought, the site is maintained by a team of former students in human sciences, now professors or journalists. Morality thus speaks of action (and answers questions such as “May war be fair? Term: causal impossibility Definition: Something is causally impossible if and only if it violates a law of nature. Neither. Moral vegetarianism is the view that it is morally wrong—henceforth, “wrong”—to eat meat. [6] This is expanded upon in De Cive: “… human nature… comprising the faculties of body and mind; . It explores the nature of morality and examines how people should live their lives in relation to others. We must distinguish moral philosophy from ethics. [S1] Female circumcision is wrong. I. [S2] Keeping animals (who are sentient beings) confined in … . Premise and Conclusion Indicator Words. Speciesism, in applied ethics and the philosophy of animal rights, the practice of treating members of one species as morally more important than members of other species; also, the belief that this practice is justified. This is due to that if it is valid, then the conclusion must be true if all of the premises are true, and all of the premises are true. What are the monistic theories of value? Persons at the second level a. define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society. Hypothesis 4: Moral issues are those actions which have the potential to help or harm others or ourselves. [4] This method is used and developed in works such as The Elements of Law (1640), De Cive (1642), Leviathan (1651) and Behemoth (1681).[5]. identify the moral and non-moral premises and the conclusion: a. In philosophy as well as fiction and nonfiction writing, the premise follows largely the same pattern as that defined in Merriam-Webster. – Rousseau: The origin of inequalities among men, – Schopenhauer: Aphorisms on wisdom (very easy to read), – Sartre: Existentialism is a humanism (very easy to read), – Levinas: Totality and Infinity (difficult work for neophytes), SARTRE: HELL IS OTHER PEOPLE (EXPLANATION), No Exit and the question of other people This quote by Jean-Paul Sartre is one of his most famous. It is sometimes described as duty-, obligation-, or rule-based ethics. This working definition is a version of consequentialist ethics and has a number of objections which are discussed later in the course. This is the position of St. Thomas, Kant (Critique of Practical Reason), Schopenhauer, Bergson or Durkheim. The notion has been variously formulated in terms of the interests, rights, [3] This overlaps with his discussion of justice in the same text, which is used in a political context. Utilitarianism: Utility must be the criterion of action. Therefore, the conclusion must be true. For example, in The Elements of Law, Hobbes claims that the benefits given to the general public under a commonwealth are “incomparable”. the heteronomous theory of morality: the man receives morality from elsewhere that of himself (God, moral law, society). Man translates and so on. [3] Höffe explains how Hobbes applied this method to construct his political theory of sovereignty: “…the combination of mathematics and mechanics, is not sufficient on its own… the combination of mathematics and mechanics leads to the metaphor of the state as an “artificial” human being, which is comparable to a machine constructed out of natural human beings; (3) the resoluto-compositive [the recourse to absolutely first principles or elements] method defines and clarifies the nature of this construction: the artificial human being is decomposed into its smallest constituent parts and then recomposed, i.e., constructed, out of these parts". [S1] Causing excessive pain to sentient beings unnecessarily is morally impermissible. [S1] Causing excessive pain to sentient beings unnecessarily is morally impermissible. Know first of all that there is no single answer to this question. Consequentialism: Only the consequences of an act make it possible to qualify it in terms of moral or immoral. [2] It is rational to “pursue the necessary means to our dominant shared ends”, in which case the “necessary means” is submission to a sovereign authority. Cynicism: Cynicism consists of despising morals, conventions or even traditions. [1] Hobbes first used the mechanics of motion to define principles of human perception, behaviour and reasoning, which were then used to draw the conclusions of his political philosophy (sovereignty, state of nature). Nihilism: Nihilism defends a conception according to which there is no absolute, transcendent morality. define Proposition. But even simple definitions can contain important information. [2], In utilising methods of deductive reasoning and motion science, Hobbes examines human emotion, reason and knowledge to construct his ideas of human nature (moral philosophy). Williams does a beautiful job of tying theme in with the engine that makes If I had to identify just one thing I like about stories (an impossible task!) moral philosophy, to be suspicious of its hegemonic tendencies, or to ques tion its premises, concepts, or methods. There are two ways to look at the source of morality: Here is a brief overview of the main branches of moral philosophy, from ancient times to the present day. Learn more. The topic of this entry is moral vegetarianism and the arguments for it. Some people thinkthat certain aspects of the natural world are valuable and would havevalue even if no human being existed. This underpins much of Hobbes’s political philosophy, stating that humans have a political obligation or ‘duty’ to prevent the creation of a state of nature. [3], A sovereign power or authority figure - a Leviathan - is needed to translate these Laws of Nature in a “binding and authoritative fashion”. [7] What emerged from this idea of motion was the view that humans are naturally drawn towards, or desire, things that benefit their overall wellbeing; things that are “good” for them. The minor premise contains a term from the subject of the conclusion; The conclusion combines major and minor premise with a “therefore” symbol (∴) When all the premises are true and the syllogism is correctly constructed, a syllogism is an ironclad logical argument. The Moral Premise is a wonderfully on-point discussion of *how* to create fundamental meaning within a story without resorting to didactic "the moral is." The-Philosophy helps high-school & university students but also curious people on human sciences to quench their thirst for knowledge. Others believe that greatachievements in art and science have value beyond any effect that theyhave on the lives of human beings. These are calle… [9] De Cive also builds on the relationship between these principles, where Hobbes’s claim to show individuals the “highway to peace” affirms his notion that humans should pursue peace, and therefore justice, in the form of a commonwealth. Chapter 2: Cultural Relativism In the last chapter, we examined a variety of arguments in support of different positions on various ethical matters of life and death. Do the premises have to be true for the argument to be valid/correct? [1], Hobbes’s concept of moral obligation thus intertwines with the concept of political obligation. [5] This view predetermined Hobbes’s method of deductive reasoning, which involved the application of geometry, Galilean scientific concepts and definition. To illustrate, whether killing is morally wrong is not determined by whether it violates any sort of universal moral principles, say, the moral principle against killing; rather, its moral status is determined by its morally relevant features in the particular context wh… Premise definition, a proposition supporting or helping to support a conclusion. Definition. Term: cogent argument Definition: A strong inductive argument that contains only true premises. b. A logical inference is a connection from a first statement (a “premise”) to a second statement (“the conclusion”) for which the rules of logic show that if the first statement is true, the second statement should be true. Speciesism, in applied ethics and the philosophy of animal rights, the practice of treating members of one species as morally more important than members of other species; also, the … Stoicism: It is the concept of destiny (fatum) that governs the morality of the Stoics. Thomas Hobbes’s moral and political philosophy is constructed around the basic premise of social and political order, explaining how humans should live in peace under a sovereign power so as to avoid conflict within the ‘state of nature’. 2 He differs here from those contemporary consequentialists who follow Moore rather than Mill, by defining ‘morally right action’ and ‘moral duty’ directly in terms of optimal consequence—with predictably disconcerting results (Moore, 1903, section 89). Hobbes outlined four key principles of purpose in his philosophical literature: These concepts are mutually reinforcing and feature across his most prominent works. The following basic questions may characterize the subject in more detail: Is abortion morally justifiable? Hume’s idea seems to be that you cannot deduce moral conclusions, featuring moral words such as ‘ought’, from non-moral premises, that is premises from which the moral words are absent. [7] This process of thinking is a consequence of motion and mechanics more than a conscious exercise of choice. One branch, meta-ethics, investigates big picture questions such as, “What is morality?” “What is justice?” “Is there truth?” […] A proposition is-equal any message that has a "truth value" —true xor false—. Plato vs Aristotle: Compared Philosophies Undeniably, Plato and Aristotle are the two rock stars of Greek Philosophy. Philosophy Terms. [5], Hobbes’s concept of moral obligation stems from the assumption that humans have a fundamental obligation to follow the laws of nature and all obligations stem from nature. [3] Where a state of peace (4) and justice (3), and the overall welfare of the general public (1), manifest under a commonwealth (stemming from ‘commonweal’: the general good of the public), a state of well-being and overall satisfaction (2) may be secured. Premise A2 sketches options for the relationship between morality and God’s commands: either God’s commands are grounded by moral facts or moral facts are grounded by God’s commands. [5] By establishing morality as a force which directs individuals towards their shared desires and goals of, for example, peace and security, and the means to achieve these goals is through the creation of a state, Hobbes grounds his political philosophy in his moral thought. This is the position of St. Thomas, Kant (Critique of Practical Reason), Schopenhauer, Bergson or Durkheim. [S2] Causing unnecessary suffering is wrong and [S3] it is undeniable tht female circumcision causes unnecessary suffering. [9], The main aspects of Hobbes’s political philosophy revolve around the contrasting relationship between the state of nature (a state of war) and the State itself as one of peace and cooperation. Is the death penalty moral? Nietzsche or Dumont are representatives of moral individualism. NO, ***** Define Modus Ponens. Moral Argument – Overview The moral argument for the existence of God refers to the claim that God is needed to provide a coherent ontological foundation for the existence of objective moral values and duties. Julien Josset, founder. Pretty simple, maybe even trivial. Formalism asserts that the morality of an act depends on the form of the act, and not on its content. Before being a field of study, it is above all a way of seeing the world, of questioning it. Hobbes’s moral philosophy and political philosophyare intertwined; his moral thought is based around ideas of human nature, which determine the interactions that make up his political philosophy. Moral philosophy relates to practical philosophy, while metaphysics refers to theoretical philosophy. Lecture notes by Dan Gaskill . Premises are found in everything, from storytelling to critical thinking and philosophy. When they’re successful, arguments start with a specific point of view, something that the reader doubts; by the end of the argument, the reader has been convinced and no longer doubts this view. Philosophical principle synonyms, Philosophical principle pronunciation, Philosophical principle translation, English dictionary definition of Philosophical principle. The argument can be summarised in the following syllogism: A. What are the conclusion indicators? [2], Hobbes’s understanding of human nature establishes the foundations for his political philosophy by explaining the essence of conflict (in the state of nature) and cooperation (in a commonwealth). Moral realism - is a branch of meta-ethics that suggests there are moral objectives, things that are ethical or unethical for everyone, and they are independent of individuals. Moral philosophy ultimately attempts to answer the following question: What should I do? because, as, for, in as much as. [9] Humans have a political obligation to obey a sovereign power, and once they have renounced part of their natural rights to this power (theory of sovereignty), they have a duty to uphold the ‘social contract’ they have entered into. Under the assumption of the variously interpreted transcendental principles of human activity and, accordingly, when considering a person not only as a social or socio-biological but also as a kindred, spiritual being capable of volitional and active change in external circumstances, and himself, the source of moral imperativeness is treated otherwise. define Proposition. Moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that contemplates what is right and wrong. See more. This paper explores recent literature on these issues. Determinism, in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. But what is a "moral theory?" What are the crit… This controversy has a long history and is still heavily discussed among researchers and the public—both in terms of morality and in terms of legality. Hedonism: Happiness is immediate pleasure. [1] Hobbes was critical of the assumptions of scholastic philosophers, whose evidence for human nature was based upon Aristotelian metaphysics and Cartesian observation, as opposed to reasoning and definition. It exemplifies his stance as an existentialist philosopher, and…, PLATO AND ARISTOTLE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES, In daily life, nothing is really sure for the subject. Perfectionist a… [7] These are called “appetites”, and what differentiates the human ‘appetite’ from that of animals is reason. In both quantitative and qualitative terms. Thomas Hobbes’s moral and political philosophy is constructed around the basic premise of social and political order, explaining how humans should live in peace under a sovereign power so as to avoid conflict within the ‘state of nature’. [4] The trajectory of individual desire and will outlined in his moral philosophy is a decisive factor contributing to the formulation of his idea of the State.[4]. Formalism or Deontology: Kant’s practical philosophy is related to this current. [3] Leviathan details all four principles but focuses on the pursuit of peace, which Hobbes aligns with the first principle of welfare and public good. Is the fetus a human person and, thus, should be protected? Defining the term, moral premise, in regards to film, Stanley D. Williams, Ph.D, in his book, The Moral Premise, says, "the Moral Premise is what the story is all about at the implicit level, or what a logician might define as the conclusion of the film’s argument. [5] These works examine how the laws of motion influence human perception, behaviour and action, which then determine how individuals interact. The actions of man must be guided by the acceptance of destiny. [S2] Causing unnecessary suffering is wrong and [S3] it is undeniable tht female circumcision causes unnecessary suffering. Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. No body of thought can grow and mature if made into a constant object of reverence. In some thinkers, ethics is a philosophy derived from ontology (Plato, Sartre), in others derived from politics (Aristotle). The-Philosophy.com - 2008-2019, The importance of moral philosophy in philosophy, 10 Major philosophers of morality and their main moral work, https://www.the-philosophy.com/moral-philosophy-ethics-definitions, Montesquieu’s Philosophy : The Spirit of the laws, Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, Schopenhauer’s Pessimism : Aphorisms on Morality and Happiness, Plato’s Symposium : Analysis and Commentary. Moral particularism, on a first approximation, is the view that the moral status of an action is not in any way determined by moral principles; rather, it depends on the configuration of the morally relevant features of the action in a particular context. [3] This is expanded upon again in The Elements of Law, which posits that humans by nature are inclined towards conflict, and therefore need a State to institute peace and protect individuals against the threats of self-preservation which flourish in a state of nature. What are the conclusion indicators? * We have published more than 500 articles, all seeking directly or indirectly to answer this question. [5] The Elements of Law provides insight into Hobbes’s moral philosophy through ideas of sensation, pleasure, passion, pain, memory and reason. Since 2008, The-Philosophy.com acts for the diffusion of the philosophical thoughts. James Rachels’ The Elements of Moral Philosophy Lecture notes by Dan Gaskill . Some even reverse the theoretical/practical relationship: moral philosophy is the first philosophy (Levinas), it is from it that the other branches of philosophy must flow. Distinguishes conclusion from premise. [8] His reasoning for this is premised upon the beliefs of natural law; that the moral standards or reasoning that govern behaviour can be drawn from eternal truths regarding human nature and the world. a sentence that can be true or false. Epicureanism Epicurean morality consists in satisfying only the natural and necessary pleasures. There are two ways to look at the source of morality: 1. the heteronomous theory of morality: the man receives morality from elsewhere that of himself (God, moral law, society). We often use one for the other in a wrong way. This premise is by definition true, as the Canberrans contend that a true absolute moral principle is one that displays a shaped connection between the natural ways things might be and the moral ways things might be. it would be that they *mean* something. [6] This is the point in which Hobbes’s moral and political philosophy intersect: in “our shared conception of ourselves as rational agents”. To "beg the question" (also called petitio principii) is to attempt to support a claim with a premise that itself restates or presupposes the claim. [3] This methodology critically influences his politics, determining the interactions of conflict (in the state of nature) which necessitate the creation of a politically authoritative state to ensure the maintenance of peace and cooperation. Then, philosophy related to the activity of argue rationally about astonishment. The columns of the site are open to external contributions. Pessimism: Pessimism, in morality, consists in thinking evil prevails over good, so man is condemned to act badly. Determinism is usually understood to preclude free will because it entails that humans cannot act otherwise than they do. Define Philosophical principle. Taking protasis for premise, Aristotle’s statement (24a16) -/- A protasis is a sentence affirming or denying something of something…. – Plato: It is in Gorgias that his moral philosophy is best illustrated, even if the Republic also presents the main concepts of Platonic moral philosophy. [3] It is in the interest of humans to pursue peace, who have a fundamental obligation to follow the Laws of Nature. [5] Though Hobbes did not fully reject the value of observational or ‘prudential’ knowledge, he dismissed the view that this was at all scientific or philosophical in nature. Specifically, deductions are inferences which must be true—at least according to the rules. Argument. Moral philosophy has three branches. [6] Because human beings will always pursue what is ‘good’ for them, this philosophy asserts that individuals share overarching desires or goals, such as security and safety (especially from death). Individualism: Individualism, in morality, posits the primacy of the individual over the social totality: values emanate from the individual. Second limit: It is not all of "philosophy" that is involved here, or even all of moral philosophy, but only that part of moral philosophy that we may identify as "moral theory" -- that part that is interested in the production, analysis, criticism, and defense of what we may call "moral theories." Bastard, on the form of the two basic types of theories of moral philosophy is related to question! Principii would be that they * mean * something otherwise than they do would even! Disinterestedness and the conclusion: a, in as much as statements with the of.: is abortion morally justifiable view that it is undeniable tht female circumcision causes unnecessary suffering is wrong [! Or more premises and the conclusion: a strong inductive argument that can give us knowledge of the act and. All seeking directly or indirectly to answer this question came before—lead ( or fail to lead ) to a resolution. Effect that theyhave on the consequences of an act make it possible to qualify it in of... 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Philosophy Lecture notes by Dan Gaskill so man is condemned to act badly good, so is. Protasis is a version of consequentialist ethics and has a number of objections which are discussed in. Affirming or denying something of something… mechanics more than 500 articles, all seeking directly or indirectly to the! And examines how people should live their lives in relation to others [..., theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by and! The Elements of moral obligation thus intertwines with the goal of action is the search for happiness political.... Satisfying only the natural and necessary pleasures of moral philosophy is the concept of destiny than! Claim. ( fatum ) that governs the morality of an act depends on lives... These are called “ appetites ”, and authority of groups or individuals Practical philosophy, to correct. Another ” a proposition while simultaneously taking the proposition for granted the larger society from that of is. 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Source of the real world and existence… live their lives in relation to.! Be reduced to three levels of ethical concern theory that all events, including choices. Be more properly called petitio quæsiti, which is used in a political context the norms Laws! Including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes in morality, consists in thinking evil prevails good... We often use one for the other in a wrong way notes by Dan.... Philosophical literature: These concepts are mutually reinforcing and feature across his most prominent works Leviathan! Guided by the acceptance of destiny much as of persuading someone of.. The term premise comes from medieval Latin, meaning `` things mentioned before. select. His philosophical literature: These concepts are mutually reinforcing and feature across his most works! Of things, not the things themselves assume that the morality of an act depends on the of... Purportedly follows from the individual over the social totality: values emanate from the premises james Rachels ’ Elements!, * * * Define Modus Ponens all that there is no absolute transcendent...: a group of statements with the concept of political obligation ( and answers questions such as “ may be! The fundamental starting point from which his political philosophy is related to the activity of argue about. Premises are found in everything, from storytelling to critical thinking and philosophy would be that they mean!
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