On both sides was a short line of letters, with parallel lines increasing in length till past the center, whence they decreased in length to the bottom, accommodating themselves to the rounded shape of the copper. It was about three inches in length, and one fourth of an inch in thickness. It is also used in construction and industrial machine. A bronze weapon and a cast iron weapon have about the same utility in terms of strength and holding an edge. the 9th to 8th centuries BC. He dug up several furnaces of ancient design along Ross County’s Deer Creek in 1949-50. From the ancient works where Circleville now stands, and from the mound there, were taken a few scattered human bones, a branch of a deer’s horn and a piece of earthenware containing muscle shells. The only real benefit of going with copper is that it sets you up to get to bronze. Page 341-349. At the hill Cumorah, the Nephites made their last stand prior to their utter extermination, A. D., 385.” – Life of Heber C. Kimball, by Orson F. Whitney, Salt Lake City, UT: Stevens & Wallis, Inc. [1888], 25. I will provide conclusive proof that all attempts to fit Ohio’s pit iron furnaces into the 18th century — before American settlers claimed the land — are unworkable. In the State of New York, probably there are hundreds of these fortifications which are now visible, and I have seen them in many other parts of the United States. Near the feet was a piece of copper weighing three ounces. An alloy is a mixture of two or more base metals or elements to create another metal with certain specific properties. The Bronze age gave way to the Iron Age which began around 1,000 BC. “Readers of the Book of Mormon will remember that in this very region, according to that sacred record, the final battles were fought between the Nephites and Lamanites. 9- Translation- Was it using a Seer Stone or using the Urim and Thummim? It is much decayed and is now a thin plate, and appears to have been attached to the centre of it by a rivet, the hole for which appears both in the plate and ornament. Most of the scholars claim there have been no steel swords found in Mesoamerica but they speak of something called a a Macana or Macuahuitl, a long, flat piece of hardwood embedded with sharp pieces of obsidian. When comparing the color of the two metals, pure iron comes in a silver-white color, whereas bronze comes in a copper-yellow, or dark gray color. On the main branch of Paint creek in Ohio, near some very ancient works, and on the inside of a wall on the side of an elevated hill 300 feet high, which wall is of stone, around the brow of the hill there appears to have been a row of furnaces or smiths‘ shops, where the cinders now lie many feet in depth. The sword remained extremely rare for another millennium, and became more widespread only with the closing of the 3rd millennium. Iron has been found in some instances oxidized. This copper ornament was covered with a coat of green rust, and is considerably corroded. Copper swords were very soft and dulled quickly . The Copper Broadsword is arguably the weakest of the early game metal broadswords. The technology for bronze swords reached its high point during the Warring States period and Qin Dynasty (221 BC – 207 BC). “Historically, steel is the best material to make a sword out of but what is the oldest archaeological steel sword we have on record that started it all, where does it come from, how was it made, and what does it look like? This sword was, however, classified as of the Hajdúsámson-Apa type, and was presumably imported. Carbon Steel in Scotland 490-375 BC. "the decorative lines on the sword blades that had initially been regarded as incrustations consisted of pure copper hammered into channels that had presumably already been produced in the casting process. In one of the tumuli on Grave creek, below Wheeling, near to the Ohio, were found, about 20 years since, sixty copper beads, made of a coarse “wire, hammered out, and not drawn and cut off at unequal lengths. What is the best source to find Scriptural Evidence that the BofM happened in North America? Notable examples of this type were part of the Isleham Hoard. Cast iron cookware is extremely popular both with professional chefs and home cooks. There is but one alternative, viz., that they had occasional or constant intercourse with a people advanced in the arts, from whom these articles were obtained. Contemporary with types E to H is the so-called Naue II type, imported from south-eastern Europe. Having shown that the copper found among the Indian tribes of the north was probably obtained from the native deposits around Lake Superior, we have little difficulty in accounting for the presence among them of small quantities of silver, derived from the same locality where it also exists in a native form. 176]. Remains of rude specimens of earthen ware, pieces of copper, and iron instruments of rude workmanship were ploughed up within the area.” PIONEER HISTORY OF THE HOLLAND PURCHASE OF WESTERN NEW YORK: O. Turner, 1849, Below is information from Rod Meldrum’s #1 Best Selling LDS book on Geography, “Exploring the Book of Mormon in America’s Heartland”. That the silver in use among the mound-builders was principally if not wholly obtained there, seems incontestable. This furnace and others like it in South Central Ohio, excavated 1949-1992 by amateur investigators, represent an Old World technology 2,000 years old. This circle of stones seems to have been the nucleus over which the mound was formed, as immediately over them is heaped the common earth of the adjacent plain. Like the iron furnaces mentioned in my book, the copper furnaces were built by carving out bowls and air ducts in mounds, in creek banks and other natural elevations. The aborigines had some very well manufactured swords and knives of iron, and possibly of steel. Around the rivet of one of them is a quantity of flax or hemp in a tolerable state of preservation. It is composed of small pieces of native copper pounded together; and in the cracks between the pieces, are several pieces of silver, one nearly of the size of a fourpenny piece or half a “disme” [ an American silver coin with a face value of five cents.] The "swords" of this later period can still readily be interpreted as daggers, as with the copper specimen from Naxos (dated roughly 2800 to 2300 BC), with a length of just below 36 cm, but individual specimens of the Cycladic "copper swords" of the period around 2300 reach a length up to 60 cm. The Minoan and Mycenaean (Middle to Late Aegean Bronze Age) swords are classified in types labeled A to H following Sandars (1961, 1963), the "Sandars typology". The first artificial layer was gravel, considerably raised in the middle; the next, composed of large pebbles, was convex and of a uniform thickness ; the last consisted of loam and soil. Discovered in Fatehgarh, where there are alloys of copper above mentioned can account in the.. 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