Intermolecular forces. �(�Crfw:tN �v���w:n�o@�ㄆ��4keN� �)X�\>��k���t�)�_]���l%(��h�M��~2A��F�6���>C�]�J��9t�m�e�zT��1:�fi$8��2[��z���9��CF�p��0�M��"[��h�Yy�-��ZR=���!R�T�GzY7�Ԧ[�lp���XN�U) ����?��M芅5�F� �{Q�n7}��jY�E���E5��b�/��U�Ǭ�ڥ��r��M���8�g�X��X}[��l���a�M�>��zzxB��@|q�13~���������Nl{�͆�`51�W۠#.\G����`�z����b��փ� X�і��K����~{n�o�>��hZ���$��!9������Tw�.��nH�� :�����UD����֓�#R/�R�}H�C�`=��RbE���J������Խ�Q�c�8�_8��use lܣb�Q��1��]�K�ҙ�hm��u��EQJ�{̝80sz5��\�0���������C �x�BtX=�xO5�l��Ga�j{Lo�hU�)���10o�)�7����,�_d����9�����Ё��X�xI����c�%�����m)lr�H?��!i�q�����=,� �k�Kyw��G�S?���� 'IS�P�x�O� �~� The common examples are nylon-66, dacron, and silk. MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science Chapter 15, Processing of Polymers 13 Fracture of Polymers ¾Fracture strengths of polymers are low compared to metals and ceramics ¾Brittle fracture occurs in thermosetting polymers. Chemical bonding and molecular structure grade 11 1. Circles designate individual mer units. h�bbd``b`z$�C3�`y$8�@bN@��$� $�8��� It is clear that adhesion needs molecular bonding. Chemical bonding and molecular structure 1) Explain the formation of a chemical bond. secondary bonding forces Molecular configurations – the side groups Schematic representations of (a) linear, (b) branched, (c) crosslinked, and (d) network (three dimensional) molecule structures. [ξ^.-�gRs���O{eS�3�a�po���;�]����Y"�˟g���ŕ*V1�Ћ/���M��Ȣ�6���+���s.�ηx;��o���B ��]��`Go����f�oٳr���߱|�f�X�l��Z~?���mH.3T��Ek��y�T7��*EH�h���p�Mj�� �%�Ã. 0000004476 00000 n Simulation methods 2.1. As food and beverages require more and more green and safe packaging products, the emergence of polymer coated steel (PCS) has been promoted. 0000040567 00000 n Ex: Starch, Polyvinyl chloride, Polyethylene, Nylon 6, 6 and etc. Typical polymers are a type of molecular crystals, albeit with extremely large molecules, and therefore have very strong intra-molecular bonding but only very weak, van der Waals, inter-molecular binding forces. The elements found most frequently in polymers and their valence numbers are: H, F, Cl, Bf, and I with 1 valence electron; O and S with 2 valence electrons; n with 3 valence electrons and C and Si with 4 valence electrons. trailer For example in NH 3 and NF 3 the, the dipole moment that is observed is 1.47 D and 0.23 D respectively even though N-F bond is more polar than N-H bond .In NH 3 the resultant dipole is in the upward direction as the orbital dipole of the lone pairs is in same direction with the N-H bond. The weaker attractions are called secondary bonds or intermolecular forces. Molecular dynamic simulation. • Secondary, Van der Waals, or physical bonds are weak in comparison to the primary bonds. Induction forces are weak and temperature independent. 0000001340 00000 n Cross- links are extremely important in determining physical properties because they increase the molecular weight and limit the translational motions of the chains with respect to one another. Free PDF download of Class 11 Chemistry revision notes & short key-notes for Chapter 4 - Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure to score high marks in exams, prepared by expert Chemistry teachers from latest edition of CBSE(NCERT) books. 109 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1CCBFFF30B26C648BDF9DFDBF415D34F>]/Index[93 29]/Info 92 0 R/Length 87/Prev 335271/Root 94 0 R/Size 122/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 93 0 obj <> endobj endstream endobj 94 0 obj <> endobj 95 0 obj <> endobj 96 0 obj <>stream To probe the bonding mechanism of PCS micro-interface, the substrate tin-free steel (TFS) was physically characterized by SEM and XPS, and cladding polyethylene terephthalate (PET) … Weaker attractions often form between molecules, encouraging them to stick together in groups. Molecular force and chemical bonding in Polymer. 502 16 0 Molecules cohere even though their ability to form chemical bonds has been satisfied. Due to the wide variation in the dominant bonding forces and the molecular structures, polymers can have very different mechanical properties (e.g. Since molecular forces are relatively short range, close contact and good wetting conditions are required. large molecule or a macromolecule which essentially is a combination of many subunits Solution A chemical bond is the force of attraction that holds various constituents (atoms or ions) together in different chemical species. 0000003262 00000 n 5.5 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES A molecule is a group of atoms connected by covalent bonds. MCQs on Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure for NEET. a polymer matrix on the matrix-nanotube shear strength using MD simulations. %%EOF Download revision notes for Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure class 11 Notes Chemistry and score high in exams. DSE 1 Polymer Chemistry Semester V!! They were the first to provide Understanding the evolution of macroscopic adhesion based on fundamental molecular interactions is crucial to designing strong and smart polymer/metal interfaces that play an important role in many industrial and biomedical applications. 9-2 Theories of Chemical Bonding Chapter 9 9.1 Introduction to Bonding Theories OWL Opening Exploration 9.X As you learned in the previous chapter (Section 8.1), chemical bonds form when two atoms approach each other and the attractive forces are greater than the repulsive forces (Figure 9.1). Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Questions with Solutions to help you to revise complete Syllabus and Score More marks in your Class 11 Examinations. Chemical Bonding and Polymer Structure . endstream endobj startxref SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND. 0000007146 00000 n The attractive force by which atoms, ions and molecules are held together is known as a chemical bond. ��$$}�D�&F�7 ���{� ��* primary forces) exists throughout the part • Crosslinking provides thermal stability such that polymer will not melt or flow upon heating. Larger molecules generally are more polarizable, so large polymers with high molecular weights can have significant dispersion forces. These forces are either hydrogen bonds or dipole-dipole interactions. vc`�^�3 .8` The key to the polymer structure is that two carbon atoms can have up to three common bonds and still bond with other atoms. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Chapter 4 Download in pdf OCTET RULE During a chemical reaction the atoms tend to adjust their electronic arrangement in such a way that they achieve 8 e-in their outermost electron. The types of bonding forces vary in their strength as measured by average bond energy. (Monomers). Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure ... Hydrogen bonding in Kevlar, a strong polymer used in bullet-proof vests. sensitive than thermoplastics • Crosslinked network structure (formed from chemical bonds, i.e. xref The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass. hެX�r�F}�W�#�*N掁j7��ֺ���Ve�z��6 ���6�|�nE�,Ye0�g�Ow��Ǚd6����a6ul�nYU��|��3��Lq����-p�����k�V5��^���ג��ɖK3n�`��iZt=��}�����Yox6�s��Y�t�L&ƻ;��x::���Ng�� y��荧��)�>�7)�=��7�nwD��*�? Because of the strong forces, the chains are closely packed, giving them high tensile strength and less elasticity. This is called octet rule. ∞ is the tensile strength of the polymer with molecular weight of infinity. x�b```f``��������A������������93+'+'333+s�Y�N�����uukV�}��ig��m��������ُ�Yu{���(8O�Oƣ���;.��BE�V>�BE��],\ IN�,��]Z�x��;9D stretchy lucky bands, shopping bags, beverage bottles, bowling balls…). Only two cross-links per polymer … The attractive forces which holds various constituents such as atoms molecules and ions together in different chemical species is called a covalent bond A covalent bond includes the sharing of electrons between two atoms. 0 Chemical reactions are required to form or break covalent bonds. 0000000616 00000 n PCS is a layered composite strip made of metal and polymer. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. link is a chemical bond between polymer chains other than at the ends. %PDF-1.4 %���� Here we show how macroscopic adhesion can be predicted on the basis of single molecular interactions. The atom has a tendency to gain stability by completing their octet. The evidence for the existence of these weak intermolecular forces is the fact that gases can be liquefied, that ordinary liquids exist and need a considerable input of energy for vaporization to a gas of independent molecules, and that many molecular compounds occur as solids. 0000001256 00000 n 8���O�$UJE���֤�Y[5/-ri>�e�r�y����F6���C�c�&m��]�rs�Z+u��j57�\{��&. � "� �E���&���!�킄��p�������splfFw}rrBguY7�&[J���b�t_��>��gu�L��Y�5�YYԕc]�Ʊ���h4�ϊ��l%gF�)����+��0\ Molecular force and chemical bonding in Polymer. 0000000016 00000 n These are the Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure class 11 Notes Chemistry prepared by team of expert teachers. Atoms combine in different ways to attain stable configuration of … The revision notes help you revise the whole chapter in minutes. %%EOF NOTE: This module is designed to visually show students the physical differences between various types of molecular bonds. 504 0 obj<>stream At lower molecular weight, the polymer chains are loosely bonded by weak van der Waals forces and the chains can move easily, responsible for low strength,althoughcrystallinityispresent.Incaseoflargemolecularweight Just as bonds can be polar, molecules can also be polar • Molecular polarity plays major role in: – solubility (like dissolves like), – reactivity (biochemical interactions) These polymers can be drawn into long, thin and thread like fibres and therefore can be woven into fabrics. 0000003530 00000 n metallic oxides, this is hardly the case : polymers have a poor wettability The hydrogen bond is often described as a strong electrostatic dipole–dipole interaction. upon the nature of the intermolecular bonding forces, the molecular weight, themanner in which chains are packed together, and the flexibility of the polymer chain. Primary Bonds ... Bonds Found in Polymers Induction Forces are intermolecular forces exist between the permanent and induced dipole. hޤVYo�0�+~l������H9�i{���J�ܔ�\���;ci�S]!g���f�g�a�sN��A 0000002272 00000 n 2. • Secondary bonding exists between virtually all atoms or molecules, but its presence may be obscured if any of the three primary bonding types is present. startxref Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms together within a molecule. %PDF-1.5 %���� CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 101 4.1 KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH TO CHEMICAL BONDING In order to explain the for mation of chemical bond in terms of electrons, a number of attempts were made, but it was only in 1916 when Kössel and Lewis succeeded independently in giving a satisfactory explanation. • Cured polymer is less temp. 502 0 obj<> endobj • Secondary bonding forces arise from atomic or molecular … Except for noble gases, no other elements occur independently. 0000001473 00000 n Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which has a molecular weight in excess of 3,000,000 g/mole, is used to make bulletproof vests. 121 0 obj <>stream 0000001652 00000 n A hydrogen bond is the attraction between the lone pair of an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom that is bonded to an electronegative atom, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. A is some constant, and M is the molecular weight. Polyester h�b```f``�c`a`��� �� @ ��j�^�P��2��Z���Ǻ�=c�����u�ҭ�&G6000���9>�stt|""�$L��A���!����A��!����@��X���|@��ڛ������y��2 L拂ů�-N���ѣƸ����uy3�f�. The relatively simple band theory model must therefore be modified for polymers. 4] Classification Based on Molecular Forces. In the case of polymers and metals, i.e. Polymers; Chemical Bonds; Physical Bond; Ionic Bond; Covalent Bond . In Polymers, strong covalent bonds join atoms to each other in individual polymer molecules. <<2d48683e0dd9354b9b62c35a48448c06>]>> 0000003453 00000 n endstream endobj 97 0 obj <>stream Covalent bonds are severed during fracture As many as 10 8 kinds of small organic molecules are known to exist in the chemical space , while such a large space contains many target molecules.By selecting effective chemical fragments in the chemical space and then randomly combining these fragments in a reasonable manner, polymers with excellent target properties could … The word ‘ Polymer’ is coined from two Greek words: poly means many and mer means unit or part. 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